John Philip Holland, an Irish-born engineer and inventor, was a visionary whose daring spirit and ingenuity helped shape the future of submarine warfare. His journey into underwater navigation began with a bold and risky experiment: the construction and personal testing of a one-man submarine in 1878.
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At a time when the concept of a practical, fully submersible vessel was met with skepticism, Holland refused to be discouraged. Instead, he designed and built a 14-foot-long experimental submarine, known as Holland I, which was powered by a simple hand-cranked propulsion system and equipped with ballast tanks for controlled submersion.
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